Uniform Crime Report Essay Example for Free

Uniform Crime Report Essay A Uniform Crime Report is an information arrangement distributed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation that has been gathered since 1930 and has been generally utilized by criminal equity specialists to gather information on wrongdoing. (Maxfield Babbie, 2012) Law implementation offices give the wrongdoing information to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and afterward the reports are assembled and made. The Uniform Crime Report doesn't tally all wrongdoings that are accounted for to the police. Part I offenses, for example, murders and non-careless homicide, coercive assault, burglary, irritated ambush, thievery, robbery burglary, and engine vehicle burglary are completely included in the Uniform Crime Report. (Maxfield Babbie, 2012) There are an enormous number of violations that are not estimated in the Uniform Crime Report since they are viewed as Part II wrongdoings. Part II wrongdoings comprise of shoplifting, tranquilize deal or use, extortion, prostitution, basic ambush, vandalism, accepting taken property, and other non-traffic offenses. (Maxfield Babbie, 2012) Part II violations are relied on the Uniform Crime Reports just if that individual has been captured and accused of a wrongdoing. These wrongdoings do speak to an enormous number of offenses that happen over the United States. Furthermore, since they are possibly announced if an individual has been captured and accused of a wrongdoing, this makes some estimation blunders in the Uniform Crime Report. In the 1920’s, the International Association of Chiefs of Police shaped the Committee on Uniform Crime Reports. (Chart book, 2011) This board of trustees needed to build up an arrangement of uniform police wrongdoing insights. This panel assessed different wrongdoings dependent on how genuine the wrongdoing is and how visit that wrongdoing happened just as its probability being accounted for to law implementation in every aspect of the nation. (Chart book, 2011) After the examinations and assessments were finished in each express, the Committee finished an arrangement for wrongdoing announcing that turned into the establishment of the Uniform Crime Report Program in 1929. (Map book, 2011) Consistently, law authorization organizations over the United States submit results on the measure of Part I record offenses to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The file offenses comprises of criminal manslaughter: the resolute non-careless murdering of one individual by another or a passing brought about by carelessness, endeavored killings, and suicides; Forcible assault: the information on assaulting a female persuasively and without wanting to and endeavors or ambushes barring legal offenses; Robbery: The taking or endeavoring to take anything of significant worth from the care or control of an individual or people forcibly or danger of power; Aggravated ambush: an unlawful assault by one individual upon another to cause extreme or bothered substantial injury with the utilization of a weapon; Thievery: The unlawful passage of a structure to submit a lawful offense or a robbery; Larceny burglary: the unlawful taking, conveying, driving, or riding ceaselessly of property from the ownership or helpful ownership of another, for example, bikes, shoplifting, and pocket-picking; Motor vehicle burglary: the robbery or endeavored burglary of an engine vehicle; Arson: any determined or malevolent consuming or endeavor to consume, with or without expectation to cheat a house, open structure or some other individual property of another. (Map book, 2011) Arson was excluded from the Part I wrongdoing index’s initially when the Committee previously framed the Uniform Crime Report. It was later included 1979 to be remembered for the Uniform Crime Report. Before investigating the Uniform Crime Report measurements, rough wrongdoing in Illinois appears to have been on the ascent particularly the significant metropolitan territories like Chicago. Simply dependent on the news reports and changes in the networks that I have seen throughout the years has persuaded that savage wrongdoing has expanded hugely. Be that as it may, in the wake of investigating the insights more and evaluating the Uniform Crime Reports for the state Illinois I had the option to truly decide how fierce wrongdoing was estimated and recorded in Illinois. I will audit vicious wrongdoings comprising of homicide and non-careless murder, coercive assault, theft and bothered attack from the long stretches of 2006 through 2010. I have incorporated a table indicating the wrongdoing detailing insights for the territory of Illinois from 2006 through 2010. Table 1, State of Illinois The measurements that show up in table 1 from the Uniform Crime Report show that in the classes of disturbed ambush, theft, persuasive assault, and murder and non-careless manslaughter, the quantity of savage wrongdoings by and large has diminished or stayed roughly the equivalent from the years 2006 through 2010. Bothered attacks in the years 2006 and 2010 had perceptibly dropped while thefts stayed around the equivalent all through the five years with the greatest drop in the years 2006 and 2010 also. Exasperated ambushes in 2006 were accounted for at 40,858 and 32,042 out of 2010. Coercive assault additionally remained predictable during the five years except for years 2006 and 2010. In 2006, persuasive assault was accounted for at 4,078 and 3,033 out of 2010. Murders and non-careless manslaughters were shockingly announced roughly about the equivalent from 2006 through 2010. That class additionally had the greatest change in the year 2006 and 2010. Generally speaking, the violations announced show that wrongdoing has had its greatest diminishing in the year 2010 in each of the four wrongdoing file classes. There isn’t a lot of contrasts among the numbers detailed for rough violations, yet there still gives some improvement from the years 2006 through 2010. When taking a gander at different states fierce wrongdoing insights between the long stretches of 2006 through 2010 in contrast with Illinois, I checked on Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. These three states were like Illinois in populace. Savage wrongdoing patterns in Illinois didn't reflect these states by any stretch of the imagination. Tables 2, 3 and 4 show the crime percentages between Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania between the long stretches of 2006 through 2010. Table 2, State of Michigan Table 3, State of Ohio Table 4, State of Pennsylvania In spite of the fact that the Uniform Crime Report numbers for these states above are totally different from each other, there were some perceptible changes inside every one of the four states. While Michigan and Illinois had comparable bothered ambushes, Ohio had a noteworthy sum that was less. The greatest contrast is appeared in the year 2006 where Illinois had 40,858 disturbed ambushes, and Ohio just had 15,973. Persuasive assaults were entirely predictable in diminishes in the four states, yet Ohio had the most elevated decrease from 2006 through 2010. Thefts is likewise a zone where the insights detailed were appeared to have diminished reliably in every one of the four states all through that years. This was a significant similitude between the four states with Illinois revealing the most elevated theft violations among Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. The last wrongdoing offense what was taken a gander at was murder and non-careless manslaughter. This is another region where it demonstrated a reliable abatement among every one of the four states with Ohio having the most reduced measure of murders and non-careless manslaughters revealed in the year 2010 contrasted with different states. The majority of the regions in each state indicated patterns of a steady example despite the fact that the numbers announced and demonstrated were unique in relation to year to year. By and large, there is an example that appears in every one of the four expresses that brutal violations give off an impression of being diminishing beginning from the year 2006 through 2010 which is acceptable. There were a few errors that were accounted for with the coercive assault offenses in the province of Illinois. As per the Uniform Crime Report in the year 2006, Illinois information incorporate captures made for assaults of male casualties. Subsequently, Illinois figures for coercive assault incorporate just persuasive assault offenses from Rockford, Illinois that had female casualties. (Equity, 2007) at the end of the day, Rockford, Illinois is the main piece of the express that is submitting information for female survivors of persuasive assaults while the rest of the territory isn't. Hence th e national Uniform Crime Report did exclude the entirety of the capture information. There are different wrongdoings that are not announced in the Uniform Crime Report, for example, medicate deal or use, vandalism, basic ambush, prostitution, and all other non-traffic offenses. Along these lines, an enormous number of violations detailed are not estimated in the Uniform Crime Report. (Maxfield Babbie, 2012) The progressive system rule is likewise another estimation mistake in the Uniform Crime Report that is utilized by police offices and the Federal Bureau of Investigation to characterize wrongdoings. Under the progression rule, if various wrongdoings are carried out in a solitary episode, just the most genuine is included in the Uniform Crime Report. (Maxfield Babbie, 2012) This is what was found in the wrongdoing measurements for Illinois. As indicated by the Uniform Crime Report for Illinois, legitimate means murder, coercive assault, burglary, and irritated attack were accessible just for offices in urban areas 100,000 and over in populace. (Equity, 2007) The main accessible information produced by the Illinois State Program were sums dependent on an occurrence level framework without sign of numerous offenses recorded inside single episodes. (Equity, 2007) In this manner, the Uniform Crime Report progression rule couldn't be applied so as to change over the state’s information to Summary arrangement. (Equity, 2007) To show up at a practically identical state gauge to be remembered for national accumulations, the Illinois State Program’s aggregates were diminished by the extent of numerous offenses announced inside single episodes in the National Incident-Based Reporting System database. Information for urban areas 100,000 and over in populace were rejected from the decrease procedure. (Equity, 2007) Despite the fact that there are numerous estimation blunders in the Uniform Crime Report, I despite everything accept that the report is valuable all through the United States. It gives an expected figure on brutal and property related misdemeanors from state to state. This is im

Impact of the Black Death

Effect OF THE BLACK DEATH The subject of this paper is the Impact of the Black Death. We will find what the Black Death is, the place it originated from, and Influence that is had on society. The Black Death was a quick spreading plague that was accounted for on board Genoese vessels toward the beginning of October 1347. Since these vessels were sent pull out to the ocean where each and every individual who experienced these vessels was polluted by a quick spreading plague. Was there any approach to have forestalled this plague? Martin, S. , (2001), Black Death, Pocket basics, Harpenden, Great Britain, This book determines what the dark passing is, the point at which it began, and how it spread. I can acquire a considerable amount of data from this book to assist me with my examination for my paper. Dates, names of vessels, urban areas, how they wrecked the plague, are among a couple of the things that I can gain from this reference. Borsch, S. , (2005), Black Death Egypt and England: A Comparative Study, University of Texas Press. This Citation shows how the plague went into these social orders, and ventured out starting with one society then onto the next. How they took care of the passing. Wray, K. , (2009), Medieval Mediterranean, Volume 83: Communities in Crisis: Bologna, During the Black Death, Bill Academic Publishers, And Boston, MA, USA. This reference manages the pressure and moves the individuals made to remain alive. Riva, M. , Papio, M. , Roz, G. , (2010), The Decameron Web: Plague, www. earthy colored. edu/divisions/Itlian_studies/dweb/the_project. This site has a lot of valuable data about the Black Death and the effect that it had on social orders in this period. What number of individuals were taken by the Black Death, and various of other data that I can use to help me in my paper. Dennis, DT. , Gage, KL. , Poland, JD. , and Tikhomirvo, E. , (1999), Plague Manual, World Health Organization, www. cdc. gov. Reference Page Martin, S. , (2001), Black Death, Pocket basics, Harpenden, GBR Borsch, S. ,(2005), Black Death Egypt and England: A Comparative Study, University of Texas Press. Wray, K. , (2009), Medieval Mediterranean, Volume 83 Communities and Crisis: Bologna, During the Black Death, Brill Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, USA. Riva, M. , Papio, M. , Roz, G. , (2010), The Decameron Web: Plague, www. earthy colored. edu/offices/italian_studies/dweb/the_project. Dennis, DT. , Gage, KL. , Poland, JD. , and Tikhomirvo, E. , (1999), Plague Manual, World Health Organization, www. cdc. gov.

Career Concerns, We Can Help

Major/Career Concerns, We Can Help Hello Students, I hope you are enjoying the start of this new school year. The University of Illinois has created something amazing to help in the major/career search process. Please take a look at our new major exploration tool. When you apply to Illinois, you will apply directly to your program. It is very important that you apply to a program that fits your career interests and your academic profile. The major exploration tool will help you with this. It will also help you understand how certain majors will help you achieve your future goals. The information you will see in the tool is not pulled out of thin air. Thedata from our Career Services officesupplies the numbers you see. This tool allows you to see the average admissions profile by major and outcome information about our recent graduates. You will be able to view program descriptions, program costs, compare majors side by side, see related majors, and review job placements rates, average starting salaries, and recent employers. One of the most useful features of the new tool is the ability to compare similar majors side by side. You can compare related or unrelated majors by various factors. Success can take many different forms, including employment, graduate school, or volunteering. With over 150 different major possibilities, we hope you will spend more time exploring different options before applying. If you are unsure about a major or you have three or more different interests, consider thinking about our Division of General Studies. DGS will help you discover your options at Illinois. Now is your time to explore! Brian Assistant Director, Undergraduate Admissions I'm here to help high school students and their families navigate the college search process. An Illinois alumnus (LAS ’02), I had the honor to play football for the Orange and Blue.

Food Addiction - 1518 Words

Addiction is a dependence on a substance in which the affected individual feels powerless to stop. Millions of Americans have addictions to drugs, alcohol, nicotine, and even to behaviors such as compulsive gambling and shopping. Our recent studies suggest that millions of Americans are addicted to food, as well. An average American is bombarded daily with random propaganda to try to sell what some would consider perfection. Most American citizens try to emulate those fictional characters in celebrity magazines. The truth is a lot of those pictures are air-brushed and some of the individuals have had extensive cosmetic surgery and other medical procedures done to look that way. This media manipulation is the main cause for the many†¦show more content†¦This leads to forced vomiting, misuse of laxatives and fasting. The medical complications include cardiac arrhythmias, esophageal tears, electrolyte disturbances, gastrointestinal problems, and dental problems. If not treated these complications, like anorexia complications, could become life threatening. The treatment involved is not as extreme as for the anorexic because the patients are not as secretive. For this reason there is hardly a need for hospitalization, though if the binging and purging are at an extreme and patients experience other psychiatric symptoms like thoughts of suicide, it may be recommended. The first step is usually psychotherapy for counseling. A lot of the patients benefit greatly and fully recover from this treatment. It tackles issues like mood swings and substance-related disorders. Support groups have been installed to help the patients to overcome their disorders. If this treatment is not enough pharmacotherapy is used as well. Antidepressants have been successful in helping patients suffering from symptoms of bulimia. The third type of food addiction is Compulsive Overeating. The general compulsive eater consumes food for reasons other than hunger. The sad fact is American citizens are going through an obesity epidemic. In fact, one in every four American adults is obese. The main reasons for the epidemic are the consumption of unhealthyShow MoreRelatedFood Addiction Is A Real Addiction1793 Words   |  8 Pagesover indulgence in high caloric foods. The definition of addiction from the Oxford dictionary describes addiction as a condition of being habitually or compulsively occupied with, or involved in something. The word addiction usually brings to mind just drugs and alcohol. However, food addiction is a real addiction. It presents itself as a compulsive need to eat even if there is no physical need for food. Compulsive eating often referred to as â€Å"overeating† is when food is relied upon for comfort, anRead MoreEssay on Food Addiction in America1499 Words   |  6 Pages Addiction is a dependence on a substance in which the affected individual feels powerless to stop. Millions of Americans have addictions to drugs, alcohol, nicotine, and even to behaviors such as compulsive gambling and shopping. Recent studies suggest that millions of Americans are addicted to food, as well. An average American is bombarded daily with random propaganda to try to sell what some would consider perfection. Most American citizens try to emulate those fictional characters inRead MoreEvidence For Food Dependency And Addiction1040 Words   |  5 PagesEvidence for Food Dependency/Addiction Flora is feeling hungry, but she just ate. She walks around trying to forget about the urge to pick up a donut or a random snack from the cupboard. Flora can’t get the food out of her mind. She feels like the food is calling her from the kitchen saying, â€Å"Eat me, eat me!† Flora gets up and makes her way to the food. She picks up granola bar, and opens it. The granola bar tastes wonderful and she is content, but then the bar was gone, and a few minutes later sheRead MoreAddiction: drugs vs. food1632 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Armstead Sociology 1301 11/23/13 Addiction: Food vs. Drugs Millions of people suffer from an addiction of some sort. A person can actually suffer from addictions to all sorts of things. It’s sad to say the first thing that comes to the minds of pretty much everyone when they hear the word addiction, is drugs. Controversy is at an uproar over whether or not food is addictive. As a matter of fact, food is the last thing on a person’s mind when addiction comes about. Though it’s hard to believeRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Food Addiction1644 Words   |  7 Pagesrecent studies, food can just be as addictive as any other drug out there (Gearhardt et a.,2011; Johnson Kenney, 2010; Deroche-Gamonet et al, 2004). Most of the evidence points out to the parallels between the corresponding neural correlates of drug and food addiction. Corwin and Grigson (2009) noted that food addiction is a rather pervasive and yet contentious issue that has of late grabbed media attention and the attention of general academia. A common sign of food addiction is overeating. OverRead MoreFast Food Addiction Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pagessurface of America’s love affair with fast foods, research finds some revealing manifestations that are propelling increasing obesity rates and are thus pushing us toward a growing health epidemic. The increasingly busy lifestyles of our society along with our overreliance on processed and pre-packaged foods are driving the multi-billion dollar food industry today. The food industries strategy to optimize profits through mass produced and processed foods is creating physically addictive productsRead MoreA New Problem: Addiction to Unhealthy Foods853 Words   |  3 Pagesmind, but a new form of addiction is arising in the of the United States in midst the 21st century. The problem is the addiction to unhealthy foods. This will harm the diet of an average American and more. It is understandable that you get hungry we are human and we do need a form of energy but when that source bec omes abused it can be a pitfall. The problem that leads to the pitfall consist of the manufacturing of the food eaten. The American diet consist of processed foods, factors that contributeRead MoreEssay on Fast Food Addiction667 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Fast Food is Our New Addiction Obesity is increasing rapidly because of the fast food. Showing and telling people how unhealthy to eat the fast food is extremely hard because it is now the popular culture for the societies those are dominated by the fast food industries. High profit and low cost is the primary reason why there are many Burger Kings and McDonald’s in the world (Kenway, â€Å"Junk food: The New Tobacco†). Yet some readers may challenge my view by insisting that the fast food industriesRead MoreFood Addiction Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesThe addiction I chose to write about this week is a food addiction/compulsive eating. A food addiction is obsessive-compulsive relationship people have with food. Eating food is both vital and important in our everyday lives to give our bodies the nutrients, vitamins and calories that it needs. â€Å"Compulsive overeating, also referred to as food addiction, is characterized by an obsessive-compulsive relationship to food† (Karim, 2012 , p. 7, para. 2). When people overeat, they engage in episodes of uncontrolledRead MoreThe Neural Functioning of Individuals: Analyzing Food Addiction2587 Words   |  10 Pagescan be truly addicted to food in much the same way that some people become addicted to and dependent on controlled substances such as alcohol, prescription drugs, and illegal drugs. The literature points to parallels between the neural functioning of individuals who are obese and individuals who have demonstrated substance dependence. The literature further indicates that people with tendencies toward food addiction may respond to increased appetitive motivation for food when they try to implement

Analysis Of Drake s The Song Nothing Was The Same

In the past decade, Drake happens to be the most successful and influential hiphop artist to have originated from Canadian soil. Born in Toronto, Drake resonates his feelings of the city and his upbringing in his albums which reflect a very different past when compared to traditional or even modern-day rap artists. In the context of this paper, Drake’s album which was released in September 2013 called â€Å"Nothing Was The Same† will be examined. The album consists of thirteen songs with an additional two bonus songs. While critically analyzing the album, it has a very clear reflection of Drake’s past and it is his rendition of what he went through and what has eventually led to his successful stature as it stands today. Firstly, the cover of the album itself showcases a painting of Drake in the form of a child who is looking back at his journey in life and his music career. This is also a reflection of his album which consists of recent hits including â€Å"I Have Nothing†, â€Å"Started From the Bottom†, â€Å"Pound Cake† and â€Å"Hold On†. The overall message within the album remains Drake’s struggle along with his successful transition from being a struggling artist to a successful one. Moreover, he also doesn’t shy away from taking aim at his contemporaries and those who have dismissed him in the past. He is also vocal about his success by comparing himself with NBA superstar Dwight Howard while also letting the world know about his relationship with Tatiana Ali. However, the unique aspectShow MoreRelatedMy Place - Sally Morgan(study notes) Australian Ab. Lit.3644 Words   |  15 PagesSally Morgan was born in the Perth suburb of Manning in 1951. Despi te her disinterest in school (1) and the lack of appreciation of her artistic talents, she completed secondary school and went on to the University of Western Australia. She gained a Bachelor of Arts degree majoring in Psychology and completed post-graduate diplomas in Counselling and Computing and Library Studies. While at the University she married Paul Morgan and had three children. Prompted by the discovery of her AboriginalityRead MoreStylistic Potential of the English Noun16714 Words   |  67 Pages-30 1.5.4 Stylistic potential of the category of article determination -34 Chapter Two. Analysis of examples taken from fiction on the basis of considered theoretical phenomena -42 2.1 Analysis of the examples regarding the category of gender -43 2.2 Analysis of the examples regarding the category of number -53 2.3 Analysis of the examples regarding the category of case -55 2.4 Analysis of the examples regarding the category of article determination Read MoreEmployee Retention14999 Words   |  60 PagesIntelligence as well as the strength point of Telecom Sector in using BI. Keywords: Business Intelligence, Maturity Levels, Maturity Models, Employee retention, Employee turnover, Telecom Industry, Customer Retention Factors. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Nothing concrete and desired can be achieved without an optimal combination of inspiration and perspirations. It has been a great challenge but a plenty of learning and opportunity to gain huge knowledge on the way of preparing this management thesis. I wouldRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesSENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia Alana Filipovich Jeof Vita Arthur Medina Allison Morris This book was set in 10/12 New Caledonia by Aptara ®, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Westford. The cover was printed by Courier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. NoRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 PagesJanuary 2005, with it still unpublished. The revision was prepared in the 1970s and 1980s and was typed camera-ready in a manuscript submitted to the same publishers in 1983. The publishers first delayed in responding and then finally admitted they had lost the copy. So only a photocopy of the original typed version exists. During the 1990s, the manuscript was partly typed without alteration into a Word processor, originally an Apple-based system. This was transferred to an IBM system quite recently, but

Nursing Care Free Essays

Nursing Diagnoses: (include 1 psychosocial) 1. Impaired Gas Exchange related to thoracotomy as evidenced by O2 via NC, L side chest tube, Hx of asthma, Obesity, chest x-ray showing congestion and atelectasis in the left lower lobe, and SOB on exertion. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now Acute Pain related to surgical incision as evidenced by patients verbal report of pain (rated at a 10 on a scale from 1-10), positioning to avoid pain, elevated systolic blood pressure, facial grimace, decreased ambulation and movement to avoid pain. 3. Impaired Skin Integrity related to a thoracotomy procedure as evidenced by a L lateral incision post Thoracotomy for resection of mediastinal cyst and report of pain in the affected area. 4. Infection related to thoracotomy as evidenced by elevated WBC’s (17.8) and traumatized tissue from surgery. 5. Knowledge deficient related to lack of exposure of surgical procedure recovery as evidenced by patient’s statement, â€Å"I did know I would be in the hospital this long†. Nursing Diagnosis # 1: Impaired Gas Exchange related to thoracotomy as evidenced by O2 via NC, L side chest tube, Hx of asthma, Obesity, chest x-ray showing congestion and atelectasis in the left lower lobe, and SOB on exertion. Goal: Pt. will have adequate oxygenation and absence of shortness of breath within 2 days. Interventions: 1. Auscultate breath sounds every 4 hours and note adventitious sounds, note respiratory rate, depth, and use of accessary muscled. Encourage the use of the incentive spirometer and deep breathing exercises every hour, stressing the important role it plays in her progress. 2. Review and compare chest x-rays once a day, review notes written in final report. 3. Monitor Intake and Output every 2-4 hours 4. Elevate the head of the bead every day to maintain open airway. 5. Encourage deep breathing, coughing exercises, and the use of incentive spirometer every hour. Nursing Diagnosis # 2: Acute Pain related to surgical incision as evidenced by patients verbal report of pain (rated at a 10 on a scale from 1-10), positioning to avoid pain, elevated systolic blood pressure, facial grimace, decreased ambulation and movement to avoid pain. Goal: Pt. will verbalize pain is relieved within 30 minutes to an hour after analgesic administration. Interventions: 1. Determine the severity, location, description, and possible pathophysiological causes of the pain every time you interact with the patient. (Use pain scale) 2. Provide comfort measures every 2 hours to prevent aggravation of the pain; explore touch, repositioning, imagery, distraction, presence, or heat packs. 3. Medicate as ordered with analgesics at scheduled times to maintain patient’s pain goal. Use timely interventions every time you interact with the patient and asses pain to be successful in alleviating pain. Notify physician if regimen is inadequate to meet patients control goal. 4. Evaluate the client’s response to analgesia an hour after administration. Nursing Diagnosis # 3: Impaired Skin Integrity related to a thoracotomy procedure as evidenced by a L lateral incision post Thoracotomy for resection of mediastinal cyst Goal: Pt. will display timely healing of surgical wound by discharge. Interventions: 1. Note the incision for color and texture including observations of any bleeding or discharge every 4 hours. 2. Inspect the surrounding skin for erythema, induration, and maceration every 4 hours. 3. Use appropriate barrier dressings every day as ordered. 4. Keep incision clean and dry and prevent infection by hand washing and standard precaution every time you come in contact with the wound. How to cite Nursing Care, Papers

Affect of Counterfeit Goods on Luxury Brand

Question: Do counterfeit products decreases the value and desirability of luxury brand items? Answer: 1. Introduction Literature review consists the existing theories that relate with the selected topic affect of counterfeit goods on luxury brand. In the global market especially in the clothing sector, counterfeit goods decrease the value and desirability of luxury brand. De Barnier et al. (2012) assumed that global luxury brand decrease 4% market share due to counterfeit goods or products. However, Gistri et al. (2009) argued that luxury brand industry mostly affected by counterfeit inhibitor. Counterfeit products primarily focused on targeting luxury brand due to high growth rate. In this particular chapter, researcher analyzes the reason of affecting luxury brand by counterfeit goods. In order to analyze selected topic, researcher uses several journals in this part that helps in utilizing exact result for the topic. 2. Brief Literature Review 2.1 Dilution of Brand: Hurting of New brand to existing brand In this journal, Nia and Zaichkowsky (2000) analyzed the dilution of trademark is occurring during an introduction of a new brand in the market. There are several new brand that identically similar with the existing brand. Majority of companies is using same products design like an existing brand of luxury products due to lack of a legal standard and low managerial use. In order to conceptualize the measurement methodologies, author of this journal used shared brand network model. Dilution versus trademark infringement: Dilution of Trademark differs according to the doctrine of legally familiar if infringement of trademark. Kapferer and Bastien (2009) cited that when a competing party substantially uses the same mark trademark infringement occurred. In the luxury brand market, infringement extended due to the wide range of competing brand. Hennigs et al. (2013) depicted that trademark infringement mainly focused on legal doctrine that protects the consumer in terms of misleading information. Gorp et al. (2012) argued that there are two broad forms of dilution such as blurring and Tarnishment. From the point of view of Tarnishment, it refers to the lower evaluation regarding luxury brand instead of counterfeit brand. Negative association is the major factor of fairness of Tarnishment. Actual Dilution: Trademark dilution is also one of the major issues that affected the luxury brand. According to Amann and Reinecke (2014), trademark dilution produced actual harm to the luxury brand. However, superficial reading on the ruling suggested that actual dilution is not requiring the evidence of lost and sales. Through the circumstantial evidence such as association of mental between the senior marks and junior marks, is helping in developing completely identical methodology towards luxury brands. On the other hand, Bassi (2011) devastated that creating of an identical mark between the senior and junior marks regarding branding effect in the business sector. However, Birkelund (2013) opined that the subsequent decision helped the organization of luxury brand in defining their product standard in the market. Here, the dilutions are found out after complete the confusion of likelihood in findings. Dilution in brand knowledge was changing: In accordance with Caudevilla-Galligo et al. (2012), dilution is the trademark changes of brand knowledge. Dilution can change if the brand association is weakening regarding category, attributes, taglines, etc. However, it has been found out that consumer response towards brand is the key factor in the success. Brand knowledge of customer is the biggest factor from the point of view of change in brand knowledge towards luxury brand. Brand typically and brand dominance is the key method of recalling brand as well as provides the probability of recalling the brand in the market that creates glory (Cunha, 2013). Public policy researcher and legal scholar suggested that in order to create brand knowledge and make it effective on consumer mind, organization has to develop shared knowledge via dilution by the blurring. It can help in developing knowledge about the senior brands, as well as junior brand in the market of the corporate sector. Predicting Dilution and Shared brand network: Edwards (2010) in his journals consider the storing strategies of brand information in order to understand senior and junior brand strategy. However, Florence (2012) suggested that in order to develop brand for long terms, organization of luxury brand has to create a link between the encoding of brand information and concept node of brand. From the point f view of ownership, senior brand and junior brand are not related to each other. On the contrary, Hennigs et al. (2013) cited that senior and junior brand is interrelated in terms of mark such as logo, slogan, name, etc. As a result, the existing brand largely affects the new brands. For example, Adidas launched a new sports t-shirt in the market for cricket world cup 2015. As soon as the t-shirt launched in the market, a junior brand copied the design and launched new products that comparatively low price rather than the Adidas's t-shirt. Kapferer (1997) asserted that entirely associate d construct for activation of junior brand association need to reduce their probability of designing products according to the products of luxury brands. This completive interface can able to moderate dilution. 2.2 Effect of counterfeit on the image of luxury brand In this journal, it has been analyzed that in recent time, misbehavior of consumer is the enormous issue. Purchase of illicit products or services is also the major issues in these days of business. Based on this theory, Gistri et al. (2009) hypothetically analyzed the effects of counterfeit products or goods on luxury brands. The key concept of this journal that analyzed negative effect never effect on luxury brand or do not create any effect on significant change in perceiving brand image. Theory on Consumer misbehavior: Several articles cited about the misbehavior of consumer or counterfeit. In the journal of Reyneke et al. (2011), it has been analyzed that planned behavior of the consumer explores circumstance of purchasing copies products. However, Wiedmann et al. (2012) acknowledged that an intention of purchase has the strongest impact on perceiving behavioral control. On the other hand, Kapferer (2012) cited that moral commitment or risk assumption is more important factors to the consumer related driver instead of supply related factors. Kapferer and Bastien (2009) suggested that a majority of consumer of the country UK probably purchases the products of counterfeit rather than luxury brand. Due to price sensitive people in UK, majority of customer attack to buy products from counterfeit. On the other hand, Kapferer and Michaut-Denizeau (2013) depicted that ethnocentrism is a great aspect of consumer regarding purchasing of counterfeit products. According to the m, majority of people prefer to authentic domestic products due to patriotic as well as privacy. Gorp et al. (2012) noted that people in any region should appeal to the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). It is because an original manufacturer set their privacy policy and take responsibility for product if any damage done. As the consequence of De, Barnier et al. (2012), people attacks for the brand image products more rather than counterfeit products due to lack of functionality and quality. However, there is high increased demand for counterfeit products. Therefore, Keefer (2010) explained that products of counterfeit are less successful, less wealthy, unable to inferior social status and less self-secure. From this point of view, Nieddu et al. (2010) described that demand of counterfeit products increased day by day due to low price. However, Pal (2011) opined that in order to maintain low price, manufacturers of counterfeit products produce low quality or copies the idea from luxury brand. In this journal, the author focused on analyzing intention of purchase and process of decision-making regarding counterfeit acquisition. Therefore, author of this journal was unable to produce a clear idea of the evaluation of consumer change regarding original brand. Theory on counterfeit: Chen et al. (2014) opined that an economic impact is the key factor of counterfeit products in consumer's mind. The review if experts in a market demonstrated that counterfeit products face undesirable problem for lack of class and training of staffs or employees. Unskilled Employee and low design products affect the market of limited brand or counterfeit company. In this journal, author classified the counterfeits products of companies into two different methods such as deceptive counterfeiting and non-deceptive counterfeiting. Gistri et al. (2009) argued that when the customer unknowingly purchases copies products from third party called deceptive counterfeit, whereas when customer buy fake products with fully conscious it is called non-deceptive counterfeit. Apart from that, Reyneke et al. (2011) depicted that non-deceptive counterfeit has significant influence on the situation of buying behavior of a consumer. Theory of luxury brand: Hennigs et al. (2013) explained that uniqueness and individualism are the most important part of everyday life from the point of view of ever-increasing importance in these days of information overload and mass production. Therefore, Kapferer and Bastien (2009) analyzed that preference of personal brand and buying decision of the customer changed. In accordance to Wiedmann et al. (2012), the concept of individualism, conspicuous consumption, uniqueness, etc. helps in leading the personal brand more effectively rather than the limited brand or counterfeit products. Gorp et al. (2012), in his study demonstrated that personal brand or luxury brand commonly run with the help of status of the owner and long-term sustainability. De Barnier et al. (2012) stated that a majority of people in these days buy products not only for use but also for maintaining a status. From this point of view, it is utilized that people use luxury brand products not only for personal work but also for the work r egarding public opinion and social environment. In this journal, it had been analyzed that price sensitive brand or counterfeit products unable to capture the market of luxury brand in UK. However, this study was not examined in depth about people's concept of luxury brand over counterfeit products in UK. Dilution as a change in Brand Knowledge: Chen et al. (2014) acknowledged that trademark dilution is the notion of changing brand knowledge in the environment of luxury brand. Blurring is weakening the list of brand association such as attributes, tag lines, category of brand, etc. Marketing of brand is creating differential effect on brand knowledge. 2.3 Affect of counterfeit products on ownership of luxury brand 2.3.1 Luxury Goods According to Pullig et al. (2006), luxury goods are those goods or items that are consuming by the consumers that are not necessary to the consumers. However, they are bought by them for making the life of the consumers more pleasant. Luxury goods are in compared more costly and are consuming by the users having a good amount of accumulated wealth and higher income levels. Reyneke et al. (2011) commented on the fact that luxury goods can also be termed as status goods, which on mere display brings prestige and increases the status of the customers possessing it. These luxury goods are excellent, expensive as well as exclusive. Park and Rim (2012) had a view that these luxury goods are so manufactured keeping in mind the quality, look and texture. The luxury goods are also manufactured keeping in pace with the ongoing fashion trend in order to attract the customers having snob appeal for these goods (Gistri et al. 2009). In addition to this, Wiedmann et al. (2012) commented that the customers possessing the luxury items and goods have these goods to set themselves apart from the ongoing trend. They also treat this in order to articulate their personality. For this reason, the demand for the luxury goods has increased to a considerable rate. In contrast to this, Reyneke et al. (2011) commented on the fact that the counterfeit goods are equally important for the customers as it is a daily necessity. In general, customers of an average income level are always inclined towards the counterfeit goods for having trendy goods at considerably low prices. Customers having inclination towards good quality products have an inclination towards the branded goods since branded products never compromise with the quality. On the other hand, according to Hennigs et al. (2013) luxury items include Hermes handbags, Gianni Versace suits, Mercedes-Benz cars, Polo shirts, Cartier, and Rolex watches, etc. are bought by the lavish customers. They bought these to set their trend and set themselves apart from the general trend. For this reason, the demand for handbags, belts, wallets, pens have increased to a considerable rate for the customers. 2.3.2 Customers concerned on Luxury Brands Phillips (2011) commented on the fact that the individuals who are self-conscious and have a snob attitude for branded products are concerned with the luxury goods. The luxury items are so possessed by the customers in order to give a strong impression of their personality on the others. These individuals are more concerned about the physical appearance as well as trendy and ongoing fashions. According to Wiedmann et al. (2012), these preferences for buying international as well as nationally branded products are the result of above mentioned factors. Moreover, these customers in order to have the branded product have an inner conflict of selecting the best brands for them irrespective of any price. Since, the luxury and branded products are the symbols of status, individuals with brand consciousness are more inclined towards it. In addition to this, Chen et al. (2014) had a view that customers tend to buy the luxury products in order to satisfying the appetite for these symbolic mea nt products. It is said that whatever may be the product, it is the brand that matter to the individuals. Therefore, it can be said that the luxury goods represent an expression of one's value. According to Gorp et al. (2012), the consumption pattern of the individual symbolizes the social class and status of the individual. Apart from this, from the buying behavior of the consumers, the income and the standard of living of the consumers are well depicted. For the customers, the social position is essential since it convey the social class, wealth and affluence of them in the society. Kapferer and Bastien (2009) commented that having luxury and branded products of the customers emphasizes in the social group and power where brand image is very important. Having the counterfeit products can easily fulfill the reasons of the having luxury products but are of low quality and do not give the most desired social status to the customers. So, Qu (2012) had a view that more than having the practical usages of the luxury goods, individuals prefer to have these goods in order to hold a good and uplifted social status in the society. 2.3.3 Symbolic identity of brand goods Price- According to Reyneke et al. (2011) the quality products, exclusive store locations, attractive packaging, expensive promotions, celebrity endorsements and good advertising campaigns etc. all contributes to all higher prices of the luxury goods. In addition to this, the company's manufacturing branded products make a large investment in producing the goods and products recognizable and outstanding instantly among the huge products diversity available in the market. Roicklinsberg and Sandin (2010) commented on the fact that higher prices give the consumers a snob feeling of possessing it as well as they feel superior to buying it. This is because; this gives a feeling of superiority to them as well as makes them feel standing apart from the social trends and fashion. In addition to this, Wiedmann et al. (2012) commented on the fact that consumers try to possess the luxury goods in order to impress the other people, so they are motivated by having these products. Moreover, consum ing the luxury products is a mere flaunt of the wealth the consumers have in compared to others in the society. Brand Name- According to Han et al. (2010) the brand name have a strong impression and impact on the individuals since, the products selling under the brand have a symbolic icon and values added to that particular brand. This helps in giving an impression to the customers about the product so that it when possessed by the customers gives a social impression to the other people in the society. The Porsche products such as caps, automobiles, and wrist watches, etc. have outstanding finishing, glamor and sophisticated look that help in attracting the customers as well as help them to maintain a social status in the society. Doss and Robinson (2013) had commented on the fact that the branded products are so bought for what they truly mean rather than what they actually are. 2.4 Separation of brand and product in a counterfeit culture 2.4.1 Growth of Counterfeits According to Gentry et al. (2001), Counterfeit products are those products that are of low cost and quality and are the replacements for the branded products. These products are targeted to those customers who want to have branded products but cannot afford it (Chen et al. 2014). Counterfeits products are easily available to the customers also have a demand internationally among all groups of people. Gistri et al. (2009) commented on the fact that the sales of the counterfeit products is nearly $299 billion where the International Chamber of Commerce had statistically found out that counterfeit products affect the 8% of the international trade. The customers prefer the counterfeit products since; it becomes difficult for others to difference between the real products and fake products. Moreover, Hennigs et al. (2013) had commented on the fact that the counterfeits are the in a huge demand for the local people of a country as well as to the tourists. This is because; these are availab le easily in the market at low price range. Zampetakis (2014) argued in the fact that the market for counterfeit products have increased to a huge extent with the rise of e-commerce publicity. This is because; the e-commerce sites mainly aim at providing the customers the trendy products at comparatively low and affordable prices. The start-up and newly opened firms who are offering good prices may or may not be selling the genuine products to the customers. In today's world, the market is filled up with huge fake products other counterfeit products to give the customers a taste of having branded products. The lack of expertise in identifying the difference between the counterfeit products and genuine products also give a huge advantage the counterfeit market. This also leads to a huge sale of the counterfeit products without the acknowledgment of the customers that they receive a lot of counterfeits products in the name of genuine products. In addition to this, Bian (2014) had a view that the advancement in the technology has a great impact on the start-up costs of counterfeits products. 2.4.2 Comparison of quality across Counterfeits Giro (2010) commented on the fact that there is a huge difference in quality of the genuine products and counterfeit products. The counterfeit products look alike the original branded products but are of low quality and also of low durability. It is also seen that the customers are also in search of counterfeit products since the prices of the products are comparatively low and quiet affordable to all the customers. The individuals who are more inclined and focused on the social status and fashion will lean towards the genuine products irrespective of price since they are concerned with the quality of the product. Gorp et al. (2012) cited an example from the market of Hong Kong depicting that individuals have a choice of buying diverse status of counterfeit products for different goods. There lies a huge difference in quality of the genuine products and counterfeit products, which the consumers have to understand at the time of buying. Hieke (2010) had a view that the customers have to understand the difference between the difference in genuine and counterfeit products by extensive market research since prices are not the only factor of difference. According to Hennigs et al. (2013), there are two types of counterfeit products- products with a same name but are of different style and products with up class-forged bags. These products are the replica of the original bags, but the difference lies in the price and the material used for manufacturing these products. Kapferer and Bastien (2009) had a view that the best indicator for judging the quality and worth of the counterfeit products is the price. The customers will not mind in paying good prices for the good and quality products that can give value to the money spent on it. In contrast to this, Marck (2010) argued that there are many customers who are ready to pay high for a better counterfeit products mainly for clothing and sunglasses. In the case of VCDs, the difference between the fake products and counterfeit products can easily be distinguished. The quality of filming matters a lot in the counterfeit products since the quality is poor and not at all up to the mark. In a ddition to this, Kim and Park (2010) commented on the fact that the stores also place the real as well as the counterfeit products in the same stores displaying on the same shelves and charging the same rates for them. It is against the ethics of the stores and is a cheat to the customers where the customers unknowingly buy the counterfeit products by paying the same prices. 2.4.3 Price bargaining related to Counterfeits According to Reddy (2010) the consumers after understanding the level of counterfeit, they tend to bargain for the right price. This is because, the customers are not ready to accept the prices that are initially told for the counterfeit products and so the customers for the price lowering bargain them. In addition to this, Savelli (2011) had a view that the customers who seek for the counterfeit products are those who want products of low prices. These customers are in search of the alternatives of the genuine products. Reyneke et al. (2011) commented on the fact that initially the marketers attach a higher rate on the counterfeit products in order to gain a huge profit margin even after the price bargaining done by the customers. The lowering of the price range depends on the level of bargaining of the customers. In addition to this, Sanyal et al. (2014) had commented on the fact that the customers, in general, opt for the alternatives or counterfeit products in search of finding goods alike the trendy products but at comparatively at low price range. 2.5 Customer Attitude towards counterfeit products 2.5.1 Gender biases towards Counterfeit products The purchase of counterfeit products is considered as misbehavior on behalf of the customers that are deviated from the general and accepted norms (Carpenter and Lear, 2011). Teik et al. (2013) commented on the fact that according to the statistical data it has been seen that men are inclined towards the unlawful activities in comparison to the women. This resulted in the exploration of the relationship between the gender and inclination towards purchasing various counterfeit products. Again, Wall and Large (2010) had a view that the males are more intentional towards buying counterfeit products such as pirated CDs, watches, etc. On the other hand, Wiedmann et al. (2012) commented on the fact that the culture of the individuals plays an important role in appropriate knowing about the gender biases towards the counterfeit goods. A study in China showed that the male consumers are much more biased towards the pirated CDs. Again a research was done among the Chinese customers' that showed that the females are inclined towards piracy of software. Moreover, Zhou and Lu (2015) had a view regarding the sample taken among the Slovenians that showed the men were more inclined towards the counterfeit software and t-shirts as compared to that of females. But in cases of fake luxury watches, the attitude towards those products is equal for both men and women. In addition to this, Tungate (2009) had a view that the difference in purchase and buying behavior depends solely on the difference in nationality. In UK, it has been seen that 1/3 rd population of the customers has purchased counterfeit products at some point in time. According to Teik et al. (2013) the males of UK are more inclined towards the counterfeit sunglasses. Another research has showed that the customer's inclination towards the Gucci and Rolex products are irrespective of any gender. 2.5.2 Ethics related to Counterfeit products The consumer ethics includes the principles, rules, morals and standards that take into account the purchase, sale, and services while buying the products. Shukla (2011) commented on the fact that the consumers who are honest, polite and responsible hold a very negative towards the counterfeit products. But in converse to this, Perez et al. (2010) had an opinion that the customers who are basically dishonest and irresponsible as well as are not bounded by the rules and regulations are more inclined towards possessing counterfeit luxury items. In addition, researcher found out that numerous consumers who willing to exchange the protected values of a good for a discounted price. According to Lisa Maria Turunen and Laaksonen (2011) the consumers who consider that counterfeit goods are unethical to buy, they are less likely inclined towards the purchase of such products. In addition to this, the consumers having more inclination towards the ethical considerations will be more embarrassed if they find out that they are wearing counterfeit goods. Moreover, Tao and Mingna (2011) had a view that the adaptation of buying counterfeit products solely depends on the nature of the customers and their integrity. It is totally based on the nature of the customers on acceptance of the counterfeit products and usage of it in the daily life. In addition to this, Truong et al. (2010) had commented on the fact that there are several customers who actually hold the value of honesty and claims that they cannot be carried off by the counterfeit products. They consider counterfeit products are the stealing of the original products or making clone of the original branded products. Counterfeit product affects on luxury product badly. To them, this kind of act is unethical, and they tend to stay away from committing such acts of buying these products. According to Wilcox et al. (2009) there are many customers who believes in fair and ethical trading tend to engage themselves in buying goods and products that are ethically sold irrespective of the price and keeps a safe distance from those products that are sold unethically. 2.5.3 Social Costs and Counterfeit products Zhou and Lu (2015) commented on the fact that the customers in order to possess luxury and branded products buy the fake and counterfeit products in order to get the flavor of having counterfeit products at low cost. A study shows that the consumer response towards the counterfeits is highly favorable when the price is too high and is out of the reach of the people. According to Zlatevska (2011) the International Law Labor Organization has reported that there are millions of children who are working hard and are even forced for manufacturing counterfeit products in China. Many counterfeit organizations and companies are totally associated with terrorists and crime groups. JeongHeonBae (2013) had a view that the culture of the people, their gender, behavior and purchasing behavior all affects the purchase of counterfeit products. The ethical dilemmas between the customers also affect the buying and sale of the counterfeit products. Moreover, the sale of the counterfeit products also depends on the moral and values of the organization and their ethical factors regarding the sale and purchase of the customers. De Barnier et al. (2012) had an opinion that based on the research it has been seen that the highly educated and socially recognized people are less likely inclined and interested towards the counterfeit goods and products (Shaw, 2011). It is even seen that the consumers often opt for the counterfeit merchandises without considering or taking into account the issues regarding the public welfare. 2.5.4 Anti-big trading attitude and counterfeit products Shukla and Thampy (2011) had commented on the fact that the customers have a feeling of sympathy towards the small and start up businesses and they end up buying counterfeit products rather than buying from the brand owners itself. It is often believed that the customers due to having lower prices and low-profit margins, the consumers are more inclined towards purchasing counterfeit products. Chen et al. (2014) had commented on the fact that the negative attitudes towards the counterfeit products are due to violation of the consumer practices. The customers are often termed of having "Robin Hood Syndrome" for violating the privileges of brand owners by providing support to the counterfeit products. 3. Summary Thus, to sum up, it can be said that the literature explores the effect of counterfeit products to luxury brands in the business sector. From the above discussion, it has been identified that counterfeit products mostly affected the luxury brand from the point of view of price. The implication of shared brand network increased rapidly. The speed of activation is increased in the proximity and strength of linkage among the constructs. It can be said from the psychological aspect that consumers want to possess the luxury branded products in order to have a feeling of superiority among the society. They are always in the mood to maintain a good standard in the society and are highly sensitive towards interpersonal rejections. It is found out that counterfeit products changed the both side of the market for luxury brands. Motivations for customer purchase are complex and ambivalent. Further, depending on different nations and buying attitude, the customers have difference in their buying attitudes. It has been also analyzed that sometimes, court interpreted with the opinion of mental association regarding luxury brand and counterfeit products when competing for the identical marks. Here, it also can be concluded that the sellers initially put up huge prices for the counterfeit products and on seeing the interest level of the customers, bargaining of those products are done and are brought at nominal prices. Apart from that, it is also identified purchase motivation and attitude of consumer vary based on purchase occasion. However, in this literature review, researcher concluded that a value of consumers regarding the purchase of luxury brand varies. However, this research work helps in segmenting the luxury market and designing the strategies for development of market. Reference List Amann, F. and Reinecke, S. (2014). 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Belief, Doubt and modern mind

Belief, Doubt and modern mind One of the oldest and most influential beliefs in human history and in the creation at large has been the belief concerning the origin of life and universe and the different theories that tried to give an explanation to the origin of life and the universe.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Belief, Doubt and modern mind specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the efforts to try and find solutions to one of the greatest mysteries, the ancient societies tried to come up with different suggestions that became a foundation for the creation of religion and religious beliefs, since most of the mysteries could not be easily explained and hence the human race hose to believe that there must have been an existence of a different and more powerful being that was involved in the creation and the presence of life and the universe. From the different scholars who have laid their views on the trends that have been taking place concerni ng religion and the beliefs, there are a lot of issues that may be noted, especially the fact that there have been a lot of changes in the beliefs, a factor that has led to a separation in humanity resulting to two different groups in the line of religious beliefs. One of the groups has chosen to allow change take its effect by arousing a lot of doubt in them towards religion. The other group, however, chose to stand for their religious believes irrespective of the changes around them. For example, Freud totally opposed religion stating that it is just a form of mental and psychological delusion and that there is actually no proper basis for religious beliefs. He argues that humans are not willing to go an extra mile to explain their world so they have come up with different beliefs to try and stop them from going through the pain of the explanations and hence rely on religious beliefs that are quite baseless and unfounded. However, he tends to believe that there is a lot of evidenc e to support the facts that oppose religion since there are a lot of inventions and discoveries that have been made to explain the world as it is rather than relying on beliefs. He is hence one of the main proponents of the doubt against religion and the integration of the modern mind into life (Freud 17-45). In the same way, Russell argues that religion is founded on myths rather than on facts and that there is no need to stand so strongly for what you cannot prove. Most of the arguments in the religious beliefs concerning explanations relating to the world and life are actually baseless and seem to be just a way of escapism from the reality and from trying to explain better the issues being considered.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, traditional beliefs are viewed as being outdated and irrelevant in the modern life. Therefore, there is a need to embrace moderni ty and facts that have been proven beyond doubt by scientific and technological inventions. Russell is hence a great proponent of the embracing of the modern mind that is totally opposed to the traditional ways and beliefs in religion to explain life and the world. He hence believes that the worlds may be able to run better and with more organization and coordination if all the traditional ways were evaded and new ways were adopted. The new methods would more specific and reliable as they would include scientific and technological facts that have been tested and approved (Russell 36-103). Similarly, another strong opponent of religion is Nietzsche who believes that religion is just a baseless platform that is only enjoyed by the weak and those of little understanding. This scholar argues that the only people who stick with old and outdated beliefs are those who have somehow lost and are relatively disadvantaged in the society and hence they try to use religion as a way of escape fro m the reality. However, there is a need for people to seek more knowledge and understanding of different aspects of life so as to be able to embrace life and all its occurrences in a more positive and clear manner. There is therefore no need to keep on with beliefs that have no foundation but rather there is a need to go for more elaborate and clear facts that have found proof in the modern world (Henderson 61-121). On the other side, there are many scholars who have experienced the effects of modernity in different ways and have acted under different designations in the world and yet they have given religion a consideration in their lives. Malcolm, for example embraces religion and state that it should be given its due place in life irrespective of all the changes and inventions that have been made in the world. Religion is actually a part of the society and humanity and not necessarily a theoretical approach to try and explain the world. He also states that religion is a fundament al part of humanity and that not only are human beings social beings but also spiritual beings and hence there is a need for them to believe in a supernatural, spiritual being that is in control of the universe and life and hence to be able to be fulfilled socially (Malcolm 1). In a similar manner, Joyce argues that life is more baseless without religion and that religion has a very relevant and fundamental place in the society. Modernization cannot be used as a scapegoat from religion. Scientific inventions and technology has a limit beyond which it cannot be able to explain the world and life and hence the facts indicated in religion as being the ultimate explanations to the universe still stand.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Belief, Doubt and modern mind specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, there is a need for the society to embrace religious beliefs and still maintain a place for religion even as it emb races modern life and the modern mind. Actually, there is no need to avoid implicating the whole issue on religion since there is no good reason for there to be any doubt concerning religion. Therefore, modernity is actually supposed to compliment religion rather than supplementing it (Joyce 45-83). Also, according to Lewis, religion is inevitable since life is full of conflicts between the good and the evil and that only by embracing religion can a society be able to live with soberness and order. Without religion, there would be chaos and a lot of disorderliness and life would be without meaning (Lewis 24-59). In the same way, Luther portrays a lot of religious belief in the aspects of his livelihood and his faith. He is a very influential and popular leader yet he gives religion its rightful place irrespective of the occurrences and happenings around him especially due to scientific and technological inventions. He believes that these factors should be integrated with religion so as to have a fulfilled life (Luther 1). In general, even with the many scientific inventions and the technological advancements, there is a need for there to be a consideration of the basic factors in life, of which religion is one. Religion has stood the test of time and irrespective of the changes in life and in the world, there is a need to give it a place in the society so as to have order, soberness and even factors that unite and identify the society. With these factors in place, the society is bound to be united as one and to progress even as the world progresses. Without this factor of belief, there will be a lot of advancements in the world but unfortunately the society will crumble and disintegrate under these very same forces of change. I have observed that though there have hence been a lot of changes in the society which have resulted to a lot of doubts and uncertainties on beliefs and left many confused on the issue of religion and the associated beliefs leading many to seek to apply the scientific knowledge and facts in explaining life rather than sticking with what they see as traditional and outdated, other have stuck with religion and opted to integrate modernization with their beliefs. In the same way, I propose that for the sake of the unity of the society, there should be a way of integrating religion with modernity so as to allow a multifaceted progress and development.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Freud, Sigmund. The Question of a Weltanschauung, 17-45. New York: ACM, 1932. Print. Henderson, Bobby. Open Letter to Kansas School Board, 61-121. London: John Willey Sons, 2005. Print. Joyce, James. Araby, 45-83. London: John Willey Sons, 1914. Print. Lewis, C.s. The Screwtape Letters, 24-59. London: Prentice-Hall, 1941. Print. Luther, Martin. Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963). Web. Malcolm, X. Letter From Mecca (1964). Web. Russell, Bertrand. Why I am Not a Christian, 36-103. Thousand Oaks: Saga Publications, 1957. Print.

The Evolution of the Farm Tractor

The Evolution of the Farm Tractor The first engine-powered farm tractors used steam and were introduced in 1868. These engines were built as small road locomotives and were handled by one operator if the engine weighed less than 5 tons. They were used for general road haulage and in particular by the timber trade. The most popular steam tractor was the Garrett 4CD. Gasoline Powered Tractors According to the book Vintage Farm Tractors by Ralph W. Sanders, Credit goes to the Charter Gasoline Engine Company of Sterling in Illinois for first successfully using gasoline as fuel. Charters creation of a gasoline-fueled engine in 1887 soon led to early gasoline traction engines before the term tractor was coined by others. Charter adapted its engine to a Rumley steam-traction-engine chassis and in 1889 produced six of the machines to become one of the first working gasoline traction engines. John Froelich Sanders book Vintage Farm Tractors also discusses several other early gas-powered tractors. This includes one invented by John Froelich, a custom Thresherman from Iowa who decided to try gasoline power for threshing. He mounted a Van Duzen gasoline engine on a Robinson chassis and rigged his own gearing for propulsion. Froelich used the machine successfully to power a threshing machine by belt during his fifty-two day harvest season of 1892 in South Dakota. The Froelich tractor, forerunner of the later Waterloo Boy tractor, is considered by many to be the first successful gasoline tractor known. Froelichs machine fathered a long line of stationary gasoline engines and, eventually, the famous John Deere two-cylinder tractor. William Paterson J.I. Cases first pioneering efforts at producing a gas traction engine date back to 1894, or maybe earlier to when William Paterson of Stockton, California came to Racine to make an experimental engine for Case. Case ads in the 1940s, harking back to the firms history in the gas tractor field, claimed 1892 as the date for Patersons gas traction engine, though patent dates suggest 1894. The early machine ran, but not well enough to be produced. Charles Hart and Charles Parr Charles W. Hart and Charles H. Parr began their pioneering work on gas engines in the late 1800s while studying mechanical engineering at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. In 1897, the two men formed the Hart-Parr Gasoline Engine Company of Madison. Three years later, they moved their operation to Harts hometown of Charles City, Iowa, where they received financing to make gas traction engines based on their innovative ideas. Their efforts led them to erect the first factory in the United States dedicated to the production of gas traction engines. Hart-Parr is also credited with coining the word tractor for machines that had previously been called gas traction engines. The firms first tractor effort, Hart-Parr No.1, was made in 1901. Ford Tractors Henry Ford produced his first experimental gasoline-powered tractor in 1907 under the direction of chief engineer Joseph Galamb. Back then, it was referred to as an automobile plow and the name tractor was not used. After 1910, gasoline powered tractors were used extensively in farming. Frick Tractors The Frick Company was located in Waynesboro, Pennsylvania. George Frick started his business in 1853 and built steam engines well into the 1940s. The Frick Company was also well known for sawmills and refrigeration units.

Assessment 1---accounting for decision making Essay

Assessment 1---accounting for decision making - Essay Example This indicates that the assets used by the company to generate profits increased relatively more than the income generated from those assets. As a result, ROA of the company declined from 2008 to 2010. d) Yes, the company should worry about the decreasing trend in its quick ratio. This indicates that the company does not have ample liquid assets to repay its short term obligations. The creditors would become reluctant to sell goods on credit if the company does not improve its quick ratio. f) The company has a low sale turnover ratio which indicates that the assets are not being fully utilized to generate revenue and there is too much investment in unproductive assets. Furthermore, the company has a very low debt to assets ratio which indicates that the company is not utilizing the opportunity to use debt as a means of growing its business. Company should dispose of the unproductive assets and use the cashflow generated for paying of its short term debts and improve its liquidity. Moreover, the company should make use of long term debt for the growth of the

Explain why emissions' trading is a compromise between a) the Pigovian Essay

Explain why emissions' trading is a compromise between a) the Pigovian taxation approach and b) the pure Coase theorem approac - Essay Example 8). Pigouvian taxation approach Emission trading and Pigouvian taxation are both the approaches for reducing the emission s of greenhouse gases by providing incentives to firms and individuals. The Pigouvian tax involves the increase of cost of production of carbon by the government, and the market determines the efficient quantity. On the contrary, the emission trade entails the regulation of the amount of emission by the government with a market-determined price of the carbon, based on the reallocation of polluting permits (Mabey 2001 p. 61). Pigouvian tax effectively requires a polluter to internalize the cost of pollution by imposing taxes. This tax represents the cost to society, because of polluting the environment. The emission trade and the Pigovian approach can lead to the same reduction of pollutants. Emissions trade though is more advantageous, because the rights to pollute are given through a market to those who can make efficient use of them (Lane 2009 p. 145). For compa nies to trade their carbon credits, they have to reduce their emission. However, companies that generate higher emission will have to buy more credits (Tiwari & Dubey 2010 p. 316). Pure Coase theorem approach Coase theorem describes the financial effectiveness of an economic allocation, or the result in the presence of externality. According to this theorem, if there is the possibility of externality, and there are the absences of transaction costs, bargaining can cause an efficient result without considering the first allocation of property rights. Poor definition of property rights can obstruct the coasian agreement (Callan & Thomas 2009, p.69). The coase theorem is the motivation principle behind emission trade because when there are absence of transaction expenses, the involved individuals can negotiate to a jointly beneficial result (Fine & Milinakis 2009 p. 101) Bargaining to a mutually helpful outcome can be expensive because the transactions costs are almost never zero. This concept is very important for the market-based environmental policy. Reduction of transaction costs is a fundamental factor in facilitating people to use markets to handle and optimize pollution. Coase theorem rests upon restraining assumptions like the small size groups, and near-zero transaction costs. However, in practice, transaction costs are often prohibitive and the government has to intercede (Harris 2003 p. 39). Two major approaches to environmental regulations are the use of command and control together with economic instruments (Gokcekus, Umut & LaMoreaux 2011 p.257). Command and control methods like pollution standards and targets are commonly found in the developing and the developed countries. Actors who fail to meet the levels that were specified by the standard are liable to sanctions. This is in contrast to economic instruments, which work by modifying markets and the incentives of agents in order to achieve publicly desirable amount of pollution (Levin 2009 p. 741 ). Market creation for the emission trade is an efficient method of lowering transaction costs. In reducing the transaction expenses, it is important to define and enforce property rights so that a company that has a right to emit a certain amount per year can trade away some or all the rights, and will be held accountable for the amount that it emits. Therefore, if

Identity Rayona Christine

Identity Rayona Christine A Yellow Raft in Blue Water Identity is the ultimate realization of ones true self. It is the culmination of everything that has ever had an impact on a persons life. It is influenced by a persons upbringing and the gradual life experience that they gain. These two factors are both equally necessary parts of what is considered the core of a person. They come together to shape the identities of Rayona, Christine, and Ida, in the novel, A Yellow Raft in Blue Water, by Michael Dorris. Rayonas identity is created through her inability to relate to her mother, Christine, her emotional turmoil concerning her father, and her struggle to escape from it all. â€Å"I read it and I read it and I read it and I see only my own picture again, clearer than ever† (103). For all of her young life, Rayona had never had a real role model. As a result, she does not understand who she is or who she wishes to be. She escapes reality by forcing herself into delusions and fantasies. Her unstable upbringing leads her to seek out a better life and the family she has always wanted. This establishes the part of Rayona that is awkward and lonely. However, she continues on, feeling out of place, but desperately needing to belong. â€Å"This time I stay where I land. I can move if I have to, but theres no place I need to be† (134). At the rodeo she does not just confront Babe, she confronts her disappointments, her uncertainty, and she confronts the society that she has always wanted to be a part, by breaking social norms. She finally accepts the fact that she is not perfect and neither is her family, because she learns that her family will always be her family. This valuable life experience creates the part of Rayona that is confident and strong. She could not have found herself without both the good and bad experiences. She could not have found her true identity without both the burdens of her childhood and the triumphs from her growth. She broke away from her need for acceptance, and instead accepted herself. Christine, however, took a lot longer to learn the same lesson. Christine lived much of her life concerned with appearances and her need to be loved. â€Å"I couldnt help thinking what my friends would say if Lee really did dodge.† (163). Unlike Rayona, Christine didnt want another family; she wanted to force her family to live up to her standards. Her upbringing included a mystery father, a distant mother, and a brother that outshone her. Throughout her childhood, she wanted attention she wanted to feel the love that always eluded her. She even sought Gods love, but was disappointed. Whenever events and circumstances arose that threatened to undermine the love and acceptance she received, she coped in negative ways. She struggled with the churchs betrayal, her guilt over her brothers death, her husbands indifference, and the sickness that was slowly killing her. So, she tried to escape the harsh reality by turning to men and alcohol. She never felt needed, so she neglected he r responsibilities. Her childhood made her irresponsible and unable to cope with lifes hardships. She never thought about living for anyone but herself, until her imminent death helped her find herself. â€Å"I didnt care anything. She was my miracle, and I knelt beside her† (283). Towards the end of her life, Christine wants to live for Rayona, and she truly becomes the mother she had wanted to be. Her life experience makes her loving, selfless, and more grateful for what she has. Her upbringing and experience come together to create her identity. The acceptance she never felt from Ida, she was able to feel from Rayona. Ida gains the same appreciation for family as Rayona and Christine, though her own upbringing shaped her into a cold and distrustful person. â€Å"I wanted to sink into the pillow at her betrayal, at her low opinion of me.† (309). Ida carries the heaviest burden in the novel; the most shattering secret. Her life was ruined because of the betrayal of her family. However, she coped but distancing herself from Christine, a constant reminder of her burden. She became cold to her children and she tries to keep a vestige of her life before Clara by not allowing Christine to call her â€Å"mom†. Her pain and bitterness regarding the way she had to live during her childhood makes her detached and harsh. She refuses to be seen as weak; she refuses to be used and betrayed again. So, when she realizes that Willard is with her out of loyalty, she does not want to end up like her mother, betrayed and married to man who stays with her out of loyalty. So, she leaves, before he can. Ho wever, Ida overcomes the hate she has for her old family in order to embrace the love she has for her new one. â€Å"You call for me †¦if you want to† (275). Ida learns to care again; her new experiences provoke this change in her. Like her daughter and granddaughter before her, she finds a new strength in herself and a greater appreciation for her family. The three generations are tied together though their struggles, their triumphs, their secrets, and their search for their identity. The way they were raised and their childhood blend together with the womens newer life experiences to create who they truly are. Each of them undergoes a profound change by overcoming adversity and becoming testaments to the strength of love in family.

Dreams and Omens in The Hobbit and Julius Caesar Essay

The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien is an adventure story about Bilbo Baggins, who is a mythical creature called a hobbit. Bilbo goes on an adventure with thirteen dwarves and a wizard to capture a treasure from a dragon. Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare is a play about Julius Caesar, a real Roman Emperor who is assassinated by political enemies that he thinks are his friends. These stories are very different, but in both dreams and omens are very important. The dreams in The Hobbit and Julius Caesar are similar because they show what happens if you do not pay attention to what is going on around you and what happens if you do not listen to warnings in dreams. In The Hobbit, when they first get to the cave in the Misty Mountains, the dwarves, Bilbo, and Gandolf all look around to see if it is safe. Since they do not find anyone inside, they decide it is ok to sleep there. At first Biblo has a hard time falling asleep. Once he does, he has a bad dream. In his dream, â€Å"a crack in the wall at the back of the cave got bigger and bigger, and opened wider and wider. † After that, â€Å"he dreamed that the floor of the cave was giving way, and he was slipping—beginning to fall down. † When Bilbo wakes up, he sees that part of his dream is actually happening. Their ponies are being lead away through a crack in the cave wall, and soon the same thing happens to the dwarves and Bilbo (Tolkien, 59). Since Biblo had a hard time falling asleep, it seems like he knew something was wrong, but did not know what it was. In the dream though the problem became obvious. Later, Bilbo dreams about black bears dancing around when Beorn and other bears are outside the window having a meeting. Part if this is because J. R. R. Tolkien once said that he made hobbits â€Å"small in size because it reflects the generally small reach of their imaginations—not the small reach of their courage or latent power† (Carpenter, 180). Many of Bilbo’s dreams are not very imaginative. Except the one dream he has were he is looking for something in his house, he usually either dreams of something that is actually happening, like went he dreams of â€Å"a warrior, altogether insignificant in size but provided with a bitter sword and great courage† (215) or he dreams of food because he is very hungry (152). In the play Julius Caesar, Cassius and Brutus are plotting to kill Caesar, but Julius Caesar thinks they are his friends. When they are all standing together, the Soothsayer tells Caesar â€Å"Beware the ides of March† (I. ii. 18). It would be impossible for Caesar to know the day that Cassius and Brutus were going to kill him, but if Caesar were paying more attention, he might have noticed that they were not really his friends and were going to try to overthrow him. One difference in the role of omens and dreams in Julius Caesar and The Hobbit is how the characters react to them. In Julius Caesar people notice the bad omens and dream but ignore them. For example, when the Soothsayer tells Caesar to beware of the ides of March, Caesar tells everyone to ignore him. Also, when Calphurnia tells Caesar she has had a bad dream and he should not leave the house, Caesar first disagrees with her, and then tells her he will stay home. Then when Decius makes fun of him for listening to his wife’s dreams, and says â€Å"that for Caesar to withdraw would make him seem frightened in the eyes of the Roman plebeians, Caesar hurriedly agrees to go to the Senate† (Cahn, 15). When Caesar gets to the Senate, the men there kill him. In The Hobbit, the dreams are different. Either they are like the one Bilbo has in the cave and cannot be ignored, or they are about something that Bilbo and the dwarves can do nothing about, like hunger, and so they have to be ignored. The one time that they do have notice about an omen is when Elrond tells them how to enter the Lonely Mountain. When it is finally time, they do what he told them to do, and get into the secret entrance (209). Dreams and omens are very important in Julius Caesar and The Hobbit because they sometimes show the characters something that they did not realize. In Julius Caesar, the characters have enough notice about what is going to happen, but they ignore the meanings of the dreams and omens and Julius Caesar dies because he does everything they tell him not to do. In The Hobbit, the characters do not usually have enough time to do anything about the dreams because they have them about things that are already happening, but when they do have a chance, they listen to the omen from Elrond and are able to enter the Lonely Mountain. In both books, the omens and dreams are right, and the characters have to decide if they want to follow them. If they do not follow them bad things happen, but if they do, they can be successful. Bibliography Cahn, Victor, The plays of Shakespeare: A Thematic Guide, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 2003. Carpenter, Humphrey, J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography, New York: Harcourt Press 2000. Shakespeare, William, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, New York: Penguin 2000. Tolkien, J. R. R. The Hobbit, New York: Ballantine Books 1996.